ANOMALIES OF INDIVIDUAL TEETH POSITION. ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FEATURES, DIAGNOSTICS, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

Etiology, pathogenesis:

- heredity;

- harmful habits of thumb sucking, tongue, pencil, pen or other objects;

- disorder of functions of swallowing, speech, breathing, closing of lips;

- discrepancy in the size of teeth and jaw;

- trauma of teeth, alveolar process, jaws;

- anomalies of the shape and size of teeth;

- adentia;

- supernumerary teeth;

- impaction of tooth;

- impaired tooth formation;

- macrognathia of the jaw;

- premature extraction of temporary teeth without preventive measures;

- expansion and lengthening of the dentition and apical base;

- vestibular (oral) position of individual teeth;

- discrepancy between the width of the dentition and apical base.

Functional disorders:

- speech;

- swallowing;

- lip closure disorders;

- periodontal tissue diseases (localized, generalized).

Aesthetic changes:

- visualization of abnormally positioned teeth when talking and smiling.

Forms of anomaly:

- with space in the dentition;

- without space in the dentition;

- with concomitant anomalies of the dentition and bite.

Research methods:

1. Clinical.

2. Paraclinical.

X-ray:

- orthopantomography;

- computer tomography.

Biometric:

- dental examination by methods:

Tonn

Bolton

Pont and H. Linder, G. Hart

Korkhaus

Snagina

Little

Nance

Schwarz

Fuss

Schmuth

Facial photometry.

Reopardodontography.

Principles of treatment:

Preparatory period

- psychotherapeutic preparation;

- elimination of the risk factor (if possible);

- elimination of the etiological factor (if possible);

- oral cavity sanitation;

- checking the state of oral hygiene, if necessary - education;

- prosthetic preparation (according to indications);

- surgical preparation (according to indications).

Active period of orthodontic treatment in temporary and mixed occlusion:

- functional methods of treatment (myogymnastics, massage, etc.);

- appliances treatment method taking into account the clinical manifestation of the pathology (distalization of teeth, creation of space in the dental arch for an abnormally located tooth: expansion of the dentition, lengthening of the dentition, etc.);

- normalization of functions (aesthetic, speech, chewing);

- surgical methods of treatment (extraction of individual teeth; extraction of supernumerary tooth, etc.);

- separation of the bite by using a bite plate, occlusal overlays;

- stripping.

Active period of orthodontic treatment in permanent occlusion:

- appliances treatment method taking into account the clinical manifestation of the pathology (distalization of teeth, creation of space in the dental arch for an abnormally located tooth: expansion of the dentition, lengthening of the dentition, etc.);

- normalization of functions (aesthetic, speech, chewing).

- surgical treatment methods (extraction of individual teeth; supernumerary tooth, compact osteotomy, insert of orthodontic implants, etc.).

- stripping;

- prosthetic treatment;

- separation of the bite using a bite plate, occlusal overlays;

- functional treatment methods (myogymnastics, massage, etc.);

- physiotherapeutic treatment method: vacuum therapy, low-frequency therapeutic vibration, MRI-magnetic resonance reflexotherapy, ultraphonophoresis, ultrasound, electrophoresis, etc.

Retention period of orthodontic treatment

- preservation of the achieved result and prevention of relapse using special equipment - retainers (fixed, removable);

- functional adaptation to the newly created occlusion;

- extraction of the rudiments of third molars (if necessary).